The Elder Futhark: A Comprehensive History and Meaning of the 24 Runes

Written by: Cleo Divine
Published on: January 10, 2026
Category: Oracles & Divination

Runes are more than an ancient alphabet; they are an esoteric system of symbols representing the fundamental forces of the cosmos. The Elder Futhark, used by Germanic tribes from the 2nd to 8th centuries, consists of 24 characters divided into three groups of eight, known as 'Aetts.'

I. The First Aett: The Material Plane

The first eight runes deal with the physical world and foundational human needs. Fehu (Wealth) represents mobile property and cattle, while Uruz (Strength) symbolizes the raw power of the wild ox. Together, they map the transition from survival to civilization.

II. The Second Aett: Forces of Nature and Fate

The second group focuses on the chaotic forces outside human control. Hagalaz (Hail) represents sudden disruptions, and Nauthiz (Need) represents the friction of necessity. These runes teach us how to survive the winters of the soul.

III. The Third Aett: The Human Spirit and Transformation

The final Aett deals with higher consciousness and social structure. Tiwaz (Justice) represents the god Tyr and the sacrifice required for the greater good, while Dagaz (Dawn) represents total spiritual awakening.

Explore the power of the stones with our Free Rune Casts.